""" ============ 1.11 print ============ .. important:: This lesson is still under development. """ #%% md # ``print`` is a function in python 3. In general it will print any value given to it as # inside argument. If we use two print statements, the next statement is printed on next line. # # Print function converts input to string (if it is not already a string) and adds a # space at its start if it is not start of newline and puts new line at its end. #%% name = " Ali" print(1) print('printing' + name) #%% md # similar thing happens withing loops. When we put a print function in loop, each # print statement is printed on next line. #%% for i in range(5): print('printing', i) #%% md # but what if we don't want to print at next line. We can do this by making use # of `end` keyword in print function. #%% for i in range(5): print(i, end=', ') #%% md # The default value of argument ``end`` is ``end=\n``. The print function can take more # than one argument to print, and we can separate these arguments by a custom separator # using the argument ``sep``. #%% print('Iqbal was born in', 1877, sep=': ') #%% md # format # We can format the output inside print statement by either ``%`` or ``format``. While `%` # can work both in python 2 and python 3, however, here only `format` is discussed. #%% print('Allama Iqbal was born in {} in year {}'.format('Sialkot', 1877)) #%% rivers = { "Indus ": [3180000.525, 'Meters'], "Chenab ": [760000.850001004, "Meters"], "Jhelum": [132.00001245, "KiloMeters"] } for river, paras in rivers.items(): print('River {} is {} {} long'.format(river, paras[0], paras[1])) #%% md # The number of ``{}`` must be ``<=`` number of arguments in ``format``. The ordering of # arguments in ``format`` can be customized as shown below. #%% rivers = { "Indus ": [3180000.525, 'Meters'], "Chenab ": [760000.850001004, "Meters"], "Jhelum": [132.00001245, "KiloMeters"] } for river, paras in rivers.items(): print('River {1} is {0} {2} long'.format(paras[0], river, paras[1])) #%% md # By default ``{}`` gets as much space as required by it, but we can fix the space used # by a particular ``{}``. The number of spaces must be defined after ``:`` inside ``{}``. #%% for river, paras in rivers.items(): print('River {0:20} is {1:15} {2:15} long'.format(river, paras[0], paras[1])) #%% md # To define the format of the incoming argument in ``{}``. For example we can use `f` for # fractional numbers (as done below). If we don't want fractional part, we can use `d`. # For right alignment, we can use ``<``. #%% for river, paras in rivers.items(): print('River {0:<20} is {1:<15.2f} {2:<15} long'.format(river, paras[0], paras[1])) #%% md # To left align we can use ``>``. ``e`` can be used to show numbers in scientific notation. #%% for river, paras in rivers.items(): print('River {:>20} is {:>15.3e} {:>15} long'.format(river, paras[0], paras[1])) #%% md # We probably would have wished to print it like following #%% for river, paras in rivers.items(): print('River {:<10} is {:^15.1f} {:<10} long'.format(river, paras[0], paras[1])) #%% md # ``^`` is used for center alignment. # We can truncate long strings as following. If we don't truncate and if incoming # string in ``{}`` is larger than the space specified, then additional space will be # assigned to that ``{}``. #%% print('{:.12}'.format('Khayber Pakhtun Khwa')) #%% md # printing list # --------------- #%% l = [8.364, 0.37, 0.09303, 7.084999, 9.46999999, 0.28600003, 0.229, 1e-06, 9.414, 0.986001, 2.153005] print(l) #%% print(*l, sep=', ') #%% md # ``*`` unpacks the list `l` #%% for p in l: print("{:8.5f}".format(p), end=', ') #%% md # dynamic printing # ------------------ #%% import time for i in range(10): print('.', end='') time.sleep(0.3) # This is just to stop the python for 0.3 seconds. #%% md # ``\r`` removes/deletes what is present on its left side. #%% print('Salam \r alaikum') #%% md # This can be used for more dynamic printing as following #%% a = 0 for x in range (0,10): a = a + 1 b = ("Loading" + "." * a) # `b` is printed on top of the previous line. # sys.stdout is also called when we use print function #sys.stdout.write('\r'+b) print('\r'+b, end='') time.sleep(0.3) print ('complete') #%% md # Following parts of this tutorial are not really necessary and are hardly used but they # are mentioned just for the sake of completion. #%% md # Customizing print function # -------------------------- # We can also add additional features to print function if we wish, by redefining print # function, though it will hardly be required. #%% import builtins as _builtins def MyPrint(*args, **kwargs): """My custom print() function.""" # Adding new arguments to the print function signature # is probably a bad idea. # Instead consider testing if custom argument keywords # are present in kwargs _builtins.print('Customized print function') return _builtins.print(*args, **kwargs) #%% MyPrint('Salam') #%% md # Colored printing # ----------------- #%% print('Normal' + '\033[91m' + ' Red' + '\033[93m' + 'yellow' + '\033[94m' + ' Blue') #%% COLOR = { 'Bold' : "\033[1m", 'Underlined' : "\033[4m", 'ResetBold' : "\033[21m", 'ResetUnderlined' : "\033[24m", 'Default' : "\033[39m", 'Black' : "\033[30m", 'Red' : "\033[31m", 'Green' : "\033[32m", 'Yellow' : "\033[33m", 'Blue' : "\033[34m", 'Magenta' : "\033[35m", 'Cyan' : "\033[36m", 'LightGray' : "\033[37m", 'DarkGray' : "\033[90m", 'LightRed' : "\033[91m", 'LightGreen' : "\033[92m", 'LightYellow' : "\033[93m", 'LightBlue' : "\033[94m", 'LightMagenta' : "\033[95m", 'White' : "\033[97m", 'BackgroundDefault' : "\033[49m", 'BackgroundBlack' : "\033[40m", 'BackgroundRed' : "\033[41m", 'BackgroundGreen' : "\033[42m", 'BackgroundYellow' : "\033[43m", 'BackgroundBlue' : "\033[44m", 'BackgroundMagenta' : "\033[45m", 'BackgroundCyan' : "\033[46m", 'BackgroundLightGray' : "\033[47m", 'BackgroundDarkGray' : "\033[100m", 'BackgroundLightRed' : "\033[101m", 'BackgroundLightGreen' : "\033[102m", 'BackgroundLightYellow' : "\033[103m", 'BackgroundLightBlue' : "\033[104m", 'BackgroundLightMagenta' : "\033[105m", 'BackgroundLightCyan' : "\033[106m", 'BackgroundWhite' : "\033[107m", } last_color = '\033[91m' for color, cc in COLOR.items(): print(last_color + cc) last_color = color #%% print('ali') #%% md # printing special characters #%% print("\N{COPYRIGHT SIGN}") #%% md # A complete code for special characters can be found here [1]_ #%% special_characters = { "NULL": "\N{NULL}", "SECTION SIGN": "\N{SECTION SIGN}", "COPYRIGHT SIGN": "\N{COPYRIGHT SIGN}", "REGISTERED SIGN": "\N{REGISTERED SIGN}", "INVERTED QUESTION MARK": "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE}", "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE": "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE}", "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCHWA": "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCHWA}", "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E": "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E}", "LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LONG RIGHT LEG": "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LONG RIGHT LEG}", "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MIDDLE TILDE": "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MIDDLE TILDE}", "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ESH": "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ESH}", "LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH HOOK": "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH HOOK}", "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH RETROFLEX HOOK": "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH RETROFLEX HOOK}", "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON": "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON}", "LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA": "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA}", "LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH": "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH}", "LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK": "\N{LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK}", "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS}", "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}", "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA}", "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA}", "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI}", "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA}", "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI}", "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI}", "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER MU": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER MU}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER NU": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER NU}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER XI": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER XI}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER PI": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER PI}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA}", "GREEK PHI SYMBOL": "\N{GREEK PHI SYMBOL}", "GREEK SMALL LETTER ARCHAIC KOPPA": "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ARCHAIC KOPPA}", "GREEK CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL": "\N{GREEK CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL}", "GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL" : "\N{GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL}" } for sp, val in special_characters.items(): print("{:52} {:>5}".format(sp, val)) #%% # # .. [1] ``_